The Relationship Between Delay-Discounting and Self-Control in Substance-Users and Non Users

Abstract

Substance use has been widely associated with impulsive decision-making, often reflected in delay discounting—a cognitive process where individuals prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. Additionally, self-control, which plays a crucial role in regulating impulsive behaviors, has been found to be lower in substance users. This study investigates the relationship between substance use, delay discounting, and self-control, comparing substance users and non-users to determine whether differences exist in these cognitive and behavioral patterns. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed, utilizing a convenience sampling method to recruit participants. The sample consisted of both substance users and non-users, categorized based on their responses to the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), a widely used tool for identifying substance use behaviors. Participants then completed two psychological assessments: the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) to measure delay discounting rates and the Self-Control Scale (Tangney et al., 2004) to assess individual self-regulation abilities. The study tested three key hypotheses: (1) Substance users would have higher delay discounting rates than non-users, indicating a greater tendency to favor immediate gratification; (2) Substance users would score lower on self-control measures, demonstrating weaker self-regulatory abilities; and (3) There would be a negative correlation between delay discounting and self-control, suggesting that individuals who exhibit impulsive decision-making tendencies are more likely to have lower self-control. To analyze the data, independent t-tests were conducted to compare substance users and non-users on delay discounting and self-control scores, while Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the two variables. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered for statistical analyses. Preliminary findings suggest that substance users exhibit significantly higher delay discounting rates and lower self-control scores compared to non-users. Moreover, the results support the hypothesized negative correlation between delay discounting and self-control, reinforcing the notion that individuals with heightened impulsivity struggle with self-regulation. These findings align with behavioral economic theories and self-control models, which propose that impulsive decision-making and poor self-regulation contribute to substance-seeking behaviors. The study has important theoretical and practical implications. Understanding the role of delay discounting and self-control in substance use can inform the development of targeted interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral strategies aimed at improving self-regulation and enhancing future-oriented decision-making. In conclusion, this study highlights the intricate relationship between substance use, impulsive decision-making, and self-control, emphasizing the need for evidence-based interventions that address these cognitive and behavioral vulnerabilities. By identifying these key psychological mechanisms, the research contributes to the broader field of addiction psychology and behavioral economics, paving the way for more effective prevention and treatment strategies.